The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining. The ore is extracted by level working downwards through the orebody. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and. In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern that fills with its own rubble as it collapses. The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. By combined use of dimensional analysis and similitude studies in physical modelling coupled with numerical simulation, this paper reports results of a study of.
To optimize the production of clean ore and to minimize contamination by waste as well as ore losses, it is necessary. The caved waste from the overlying rock mass fills the void created by ore extraction generating a dynamic mixing situation between the broken ore and the waste dilution from upper levels. This method is unlike sublevel caving, in that both the ore and the rock are normally involved in the caving. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as. An underground mining method used in large, steeply.
Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Rf is the radius of the fragmentation region of each blasthole. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Caving is the only underground bulk mining method able to offer continued production at a comparably high rate with low operating costs srks caving experts at codelcos chuquicamata mine, chile 4648,5052,5460,dd 47 23052012 16. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping download. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in septemberoctober 2018.
Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping name author. The sublevel caving method is characterized by a gravity flow of lumpy material because both the blasted ore and the waste may contain large lumps of over 400 mm. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659 stopes in the 3000 orebody of xstrata copper operations mount isa mine, located in. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the. Stability of underground excavations in the course of applying the compared methods is evaluated in terms of the sheregesh deposit. The result is massive subsidence, accompanied by the exceptionally high production rate and great areal extent characteristic of block caving. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving.
Sublevel caving sublevel caving draw control at the craigmont mine sublevel caving and draw control procedures at granduc. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. As in sublevel caving, the caving proceeds in a columnar fashion to the surface. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main production levels. It follows the same basic principles as the block caving mining method. An underground mining method used in large steeply dipping orebodies where theget price. Ebook block caving geomechanics as pdf download portable. The block model is discretized to blocks of a userdefined size. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material. Sch is the distance from the end of the explosive charge in one hole to another that is nearest.
Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method where the orebody is divided into a regular network of tunnels. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. Sublevel caving sublevel caving draw control at the craigmont mine. Economic value of the ore and grade distribution within the deposit. Mine stability with application of sublevel caving schemes. An outcome of the international caving study now renamed mass mining technology and run through the.
What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional. The ore deposit is developed by a series of sublevels spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 ft or 30 ft 5. Gravity flow of broken rock muck in dipping narrow veins is complex. The paper expounds results gained in mathematical modeling of stress state of a rock mass under mining by sublevel caving with arealfrontal and frontal ore drawing schemes. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies.
Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation. Download geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file hole diameter d. Metodo sublevel caving by juan carlos perez on prezi.
Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mineinduced stresses and gravity. Caving models simulate cave flow for the lifeofmine of a caving operation for several outcomes such as recovery, dilution and production scheduling. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Description download block caving geomechanics s free in pdf format. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel.
Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Background the pebble mine, a proposed project in remote southwest alaska, would be one of the largest coppergoldmolybdenum mines in the world. Rock blasting in underground mining chapter 19 375 figure 19. Modern day sublevel caving the sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using author. Sublevel caving technique mining economic sublevel caving techniquefree download as pdf file. The caved waste from the overlying rock mass fills the void. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and.